The procession paused for an open-air service of thanksgiving held outside St Paul's Cathedral, throughout which Victoria sat in her open carriage, to avoid her having to climb the steps to enter the building. [5], The Duke of York died in 1827, followed by George IV in 1830; the throne passed to their next surviving brother, William, and Victoria became heir presumptive. She inherited the throne aged 18 after her father's three elder brothers died without surviving legitimate issue. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy, Lord Esher transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them. Though a constitutional monarch, privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of personal morality. [209] She was the last monarch of Britain from the House of Hanover. [84], By 1846, Peel's ministry faced a crisis involving the repeal of the Corn Laws. The result was four more children: Louise, Arthur, Leopold and Beatrice. 385–386; Strachey, p. 248, St Aubyn, pp. 108–109; St Aubyn, pp. The concept of the "family monarchy", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified.[226]. 1848), Arthur (b. In it Corelli praised the queen for having ‘given a supreme example of what mothers should be – wise, prudent, patient, never weary in well doing, and for ever tender, for ever loving’ . 164–166, Hibbert, pp. It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister. [58], Albert became an important political adviser as well as the Queen's companion, replacing Melbourne as the dominant influential figure in the first half of her life. As Victoria was riding in a carriage, Pate struck her with his cane, crushing her bonnet and bruising her forehead. 420–421; St Aubyn, p. 422; Strachey, p. 278, Hibbert, p. 427; Longford, p. 446; St Aubyn, p. 421, Longford, p. 454; St Aubyn, p. 425; Hibbert, p. 443, Hibbert, pp. Until 1817, Edward's niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. She had originally also used the name Countess of Kent on a trip to Switzerland in 1868 but dropped this because of her son Prince Alfred’s inheritance of the title earl of Kent. [138] As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued. Melbourne". [102] They visited the Exposition Universelle (a successor to Albert's 1851 brainchild the Great Exhibition) and Napoleon I's tomb at Les Invalides (to which his remains had only been returned in 1840), and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at the Palace of Versailles. [86] She made and hosted several visits between the British royal family and the House of Orleans, who were related by marriage through the Coburgs. [10] The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of King William's illegitimate children. 102–103; St Aubyn, pp. [152], On 14 December 1878, the anniversary of Albert's death, Victoria's second daughter Alice, who had married Louis of Hesse, died of diphtheria in Darmstadt. Brown". Oh! [77] In the next four years, over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as the Great Famine. ‘Strange it is to think of England’, she observed, ‘without the Mother-Queen of the great British people’. But Victoria always disliked her family association with the profligate Hanoverians, of which house she was the last crowned monarch in Britain. In India the queen would be referred to in this respect as the Khaiser-i-Hind but despite her passionate interest in all things Indian, Victoria never visited the country. Both Hamilton and Pate were sentenced to seven years' transportation. "[183] Victoria dismissed their complaints as racial prejudice. 162–163, Marshall, pp. 328–331, Hibbert, pp. Benjamin Disraeli coined this ironic pet name for the Queen, as a romantic allusion back an earlier close relationship between a queen and a courtier. Thomas Carlyle, Jane Welsh Carlyle, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Thomas Creevey and Charles Kingsley – to name but a few. Bean was sentenced to 18 months in jail.

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