The poems are meant to be "the concrete examples on which generalizations are to be based". "HB-11." 11: “The Heresy of Paraphrase ” The structure meant is a structure of meanings, evaluations, and interpretations; and the principle of unity which informs it seems to be one of balancing and harmonizing connotations, attitudes, and meanings. [4]:198 Brooks opts instead to offer "universal judgments" of poems and treat them as self-contained entities, able to be interpreted without recourse to historical or biographical information. The poem says something. He relied on comparisons with non-verbal arts in order to shift discussion away from summarizable content: The essential structure of a poem (as distinguished from the rational or logical structure of the 'statement' which we abstract from it) resembles that of architecture or painting: it is a pattern of resolved stresses. ed. But Brooks sees this as dramatically appropriate; it is a paradox that cannot be understood except in terms of the entire poem, if we take seriously Keats's metaphor of the urn as a dramatic speaker. A related paradox is sometimes referred to as the “ heresy of paraphrase,” the words being those of the American literary critic Cleanth Brooks (The Well Wrought Urn, 1949). Edition: The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. The book was written in reaction to a prominent stream of literary criticism: the historicist/biographical. This article needs additional citations for verification. Brooks argued that meaning in poetry is irreducible, because "a true poem is a simulacrum of reality...an experience rather than any mere statement about experience or any mere abstraction from experience." The poem is a "working out of the various tensions—set up by whatever means-by propositions, metaphors, symbols". A prosaic text can be improved with the aid of a paraphrase, but a typical poem cannot. By distinguishing the "supra-historical" from the "non-historical", Heilman highlights an important, and often misunderstood distinction in New Criticism. Though many of the aesthetic assumptions of the New Criticism are now challenged or dismissed, the "heresy of paraphrase" is still commonly used to refer to reductive or utilitarian approaches to poetry. To summarise, prosaic text like Snaervarr’s article can be improved with the aid of a paraphrase (such as this post) whereas poetry is only destroyed or transfigured. If we allow ourselves to be misled by it, we distort the relation of the poem to its "truth," we raise the problem of belief in a vicious and crippling form, we … Quote :The Well Wrought Urn (2) ... To repeat, most of our difficulties in criticism are rooted in the heresy of paraphrase. The nature of the material sets the problem to be solved, and the solution is the ordering of the material...The relationship between the intellectual and the non-intellectual elements in a poem is actually far more intimate than the conventional accounts would represent it to be: the relationship is not that of an idea 'wrapped in emotion' or a 'prose-sense decorated by sensuous imagery. The well wrought urn : studies in the structure of poetry by Brooks, Cleanth, 1906-1994. Donne’s “well-wrought urn” became the title of a book by Cleanth Brooks ... Humpty Dumpty, in fact, could be accused of the heresy of paraphrase, as Amy Chisnell explores in her student paper later in the chapter. I mean that the poet does not use a notation at all—as the science may be properly be said to do so. The Well Wrought Urn is divided into eleven chapters, ten of which attempt close readings of celebrated English poems from verses in Shakespeare's Macbeth to Yeats's "Among School Children". The poet is trying to "unify experience" by making poetry not a statement about experience but an experience itself, with all the contradictory elements contained in one cultural expression, i.e., the poem. "The Heresy of Paraphrase" is the eleventh chapter of The Well Wrought Urn and seeks to reject the paraphrasing of poetry as a way to find its meaning. His book The Well-Wrought Urn contains a chapter called “The Heresy of Paraphrase,” which explains that in order for a text to be considered true literature, words cannot be paraphrased because it would completely eschew the meaning of the text. Protestantism is a form of Christianity that originated with the 16th-century Reformation, a movement against what its followers perceived to be errors in the Catholic Church. In The Well Wrought Urn, theory illuminates practice and vice versa. The leaning grasses and two lights above the sea –. Vincent B. Leitch. Another New Critic (and poet), Archibald MacLeish, said, 'A poem should not mean but be.' It is a pattern of resolutions and balances and harmonizations, developed through a temporal scheme...most of us are less inclined to force the concept of 'statement' on drama than on a lyric poem; for the very nature of drama is that of something 'acted out'—something which arrives at its conclusion through conflict—something which builds conflict into its very being.[4]:186–187. [4]:9, Brooks thus uses the same criteria to analyze and judge these poems as he did for the modern and metaphysical verse. ("The Heresy of Paraphrase" is the last chapter from The Well Wrought Urn, while the essay on irony was written in 1949.) Quotes from The Well Wrought ... “If we allow ourselves to be misled by the heresy of paraphrase, we run the risk of doing even more violence to the internal order of the poem itself. [4]:199 The temptation to think of poetry as prose draped in poetic language is strong simply because both are composed with words and differ only in that poetry has meter and rhyme. And I do not mean that the connotations are important as supplying some sort of frill or trimming, something external to the real matter in hand. Summary: Brooks, The Well Wrought Urn, “The Heresy of a Paraphrase” Next Summary: How to Interpret Literature: Critical Theory for Literary and Cultural Studies, Chapter 2 The following excerpts are from the chapter "The Heresy of Paraphrase," one of the major statements of the American "New Criticism" movement. This I do by analysing a couple of well-known poems and by performing thought experiments of the "possible world" kind. It is a language in which the connotations play as great a part as the denotations. From Cleanth Brooks, “The Heresy of Paraphrase,” in The Well-Wrought Urn (1947): [M]ost of our difficulties in criticism are rooted in the heresy of paraphrase. As H.L. An empty doorway and a maple leaf, For love Buy The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry (Harvest Book) by Brooks, Cleanth (ISBN: 9780156957052) from Amazon's Book Store. According to Brooks, who here followed…. For the New Critics, paraphrase is, as Brooks firmly puts it in “The Well Wrought Urn”, “a heresy”. Brooks and the New Critics developed a new mode of textual analysis a group of formalists who view the poem as a unified structure, a whole that is … Brooks argued that meaning in poetry is irreducible, because "a true poem is a simulacrum of reality...an experience rather than any mere statement about experience or any mere abstraction from experience." Humpty Dumpty, in fact, could be accused of the heresy of paraphrase, as Amy Chisnell explores in her student paper later in the chapter. Publication date 1947 Topics English poetry -- History and criticism, English poetry Publisher New York : Reynal & Hitchcock Collection inlibrary; printdisabled; internetarchivebooks Digitizing sponsor Kahle/Austin Foundation Contributor Internet Archive Language English. Brooks describes structure as a barrier. This is that Brooks and the New Critics did not discount the study of the historical context of the literary work, nor its affective potential for the reader, nor its connection to the life experiences of the author. …referred to as the “heresy of paraphrase,” the words being those of the American literary critic Cleanth Brooks ( The Well Wrought Urn, 1949). They show that paradigmatic examples of poems are not paraphrasable. Thus to try to abstract the meaning of a poem from the language in which that meaning is rooted, the paradoxical language of metaphor, is to disregard the internal structure of the poem that gives it its meaning. His book The Well-Wrought Urn contains a chapter called “The Heresy of Paraphrase,” which explains that in order for a text to be considered true literature, words cannot be paraphrased because it would completely eschew the meaning of the text. By taking the paraphrase as our point of stance, we misconceive the function of metaphor and meter. From Cleanth Brooks, The Well-Wrought Urn, ch. Typos possible. The heresy is that of assuming that the meaning of a work of art (particularly of poetry) can be paraphrased. [2]:221 In doing so, Brooks brings up another central tenet of his critical theory, one which he will deal with more explicitly in the coming chapters: the notion that no true poem can ever be reduced to its paraphrasable prose content. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. 192–214. If we allow ourselves to be misled by it, we distort the relation of the poem to its “truth,” we raise the problem of belief in a vicious and crippling form, we split the poem between its “form” and its … The unique contribution of The Well Wrought Urn is that it combines the close reading analysis of the previous volumes while answering some of the criticism directed at Brooks's theory.[2]. The New Critics, as we discussed, regard a literary work as an urn—a well-wrought, storied urn, or a Grecian urn. None but He can grant me success. Because literary tastes change so much over time, it seems reasonable to the historicist to evaluate each writer according to the standards of his own age. Brooks thus includes "Intimations of Immortality" by Wordsworth and "Tears, Idle Tears" by Tennyson along with the Pope, Gray, and Keats poems. Brooks says, “It … Therefore, according to Brooks, what makes it one of the most famous in the English language cannot be the poem's message. Rev. Poems are not simply "messages" expressed in flowery language. The phrase, "heresy of paraphrase," comes from an appendix to Cleanth Brooks' influential The Well-Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry (N.Y.: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1947). He claims that Wordsworth and Tennyson frequently wrote better (i.e., more paradoxically) than even they were aware. "The Heresy of Paraphrase" is the title of a chapter in The Well-Wrought Urn, a seminal work of the New Criticism by Cleanth Brooks. Obviously, poems cannot be retold if they only are, but do not mean. It’s as though the structure of a poem is meant to harmonize the poem itself. Brooks emphasized structure, tension, balance, and irony over meaning, statement, and subject matter. the loss of this context, and the experience of the poem. ("The Heresy of Paraphrase" is the last chapter from The Well Wrought Urn, while the essay on irony was written in 1949.) Donne’s “well-wrought urn” became the title of a book by Cleanth Brooks ... Humpty Dumpty, in fact, could be accused of the heresy of paraphrase, as Amy Chisnell explores in her student paper later in the chapter. In filling the gaps I tried to select poems which had been held in favor in their own day and which most critics still admire. The bulk of the book is devoted to close reading of poems by John Donne, Shakespeare, Milton, Alexander Pope, William Wordsworth, Keats, Lord Tennyson, Yeats, Thomas Gray, and T. S. Eliot. The well wrought urn : studies in the structure of poetry by Brooks, Cleanth, 1906-1994 . *The reading selections are from Adams, Hazard. Brooks argued that meaning in poetry is irreducible, because "a true poem is a simulacrum of reality...an experience rather than any mere statement about experience or any mere abstraction from experience." The eleventh, famous chapter, entitled "The Heresy of Paraphrase," is a polemic against the use of paraphrase in describing and criticizing a poem. "The Heresy of Paraphrase" is the title of a chapter in The Well-Wrought Urn, a seminal work of the New Criticism by Cleanth Brooks. in The Well Wrought Urn no graphs, no formulae, no equations, no computations, to be sure; but the crucial turn toward literary science had nevertheless been made. The message of this poem seems straightforward and was duplicated by many other "graveyard" poems of the late eighteenth century. The Heresy of Paraphrase . Wordsworth sought to write directly and forcefully, without sophistry or wordplay. Critical Theory Since Plato. Heilman writes, to declare the literary work self-contained or autonomous was less to deny its connections with the nonliterary human world, past and present, than to assert metaphorically the presence in the poem of suprahistorical uniqueness along with the generic or the hereditary or the culturally influenced.[5]. Contemporary Aesthetics, 2. TheWell-Wrought Urn, ch.11: “The Heresy of Paraphrase” The structure meant is a structure of meanings, evaluations, and interpretations; and the principle of unity which informs it seems to be one of balancing and harmonizing connotations, In a similar vein, Brooks analyzes Thomas Gray's "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard". The structure obviously is everywhere conditioned by the nature of the material which goes into the poem. Though Brooks applied this theory to his reading of poetry from many periods, subsequent literary scholars have suggested that the doctrine was shaped by the aesthetics of modernist literature. In review, a close reading, as defined by the New Critics, focuses narrowly on the literary work as a well-wrought urn. "The Heresy of Paraphrase" is the title of a chapter in The Well-Wrought Urn, a seminal work of the New Criticism by Cleanth Brooks. Therefore, any intellectual proposition within the poem must be viewed in the context of all the other propositions expressed in the highly changeable language of metaphor. They point out that the New Criticism emerged at the peak of T. S. Eliot's influence as both poet and critic. Summary Brooks focuses on his belief that reducing a poem to a simple paraphrase is disastrous to the interpretation of the poem because “…the paraphrase is not the real core meaning which constitutes the essence of the poem.” The Well Wrought Urn Cleanth Brooks, 1947 . In fact, it can be performed for any expression, nonliterary or literary. "The Heresy of Paraphrase" is the title of a chapter in The Well-Wrought Urn, a seminal work of the New Criticism by Cleanth Brooks. In review, a close reading, as defined by the New Critics, focuses narrowly on the literary work as a well-wrought urn. The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry is a 1947 collection of essays by Cleanth Brooks. Cleanth Brooks’ Concept of Language of Paradox By Nasrullah Mambrol on March 18, 2016 • ( 0). As he wrote in his essay The Formalist Critics, such study is valuable, but should not be confused with criticism of the work itself. The Heresy of Paraphrase Revisited. "The Heresy of Paraphrase" is the title of a chapter in The Well-Wrought Urn, a seminal work of the New Criticism by Cleanth Brooks. Date: January 6, 2018 Author: sergifaq 3 Comments. Cleanth Brooks, an eminent New Critic, advocates the centrality of paradox as a way of understanding and interpreting poetry, in his best-known works, The Language of Paradox, The Well Wrought Urn (1947) and Modern Poetry and the Tradition (1939). Brooks, C. (1947). The heresy is that of assuming that the meaning of a work of art (particularly of poetry ) can be paraphrased. This chapter is followed by two appendices: "Criticism, History, and Critical Relativism" and "The Problem of Belief." The poem does not try to find the truth-value of a particular idea; it tries to juxtapose many, contradictory ideas together and reach a sort of resolution. Eliot’s essay emphasizes two main points: in order for an artist to be modern within their time, they must be knowledgeable of and incorporate the “dead poets” of the past into their work; and poetry does not require a piece of the author’s personality, but rather, it requires the author outright removing their personality from their work. 27 thoughts on “Cleanth Brooks and the Heresy of Paraphrase” katiebidstrup said: Aug at pm. Finally, the New Critics warned against the heresy of paraphrase, which happens when readers artificially separate meaning from structure or form. New York: Harcourt, 1992. Or, to move closer still to poetry by considering the temporal arts, the structure of a poem resembles that of a ballet or musical composition. [4]:165, Part of the intent of The Well Wrought Urn is to dispel the criticism that Brooks in his earlier works had dismissed the eighteenth and nineteenth century English poets, particularly the Romantics. Brooks contended that it was impossible to write a prose paraphrase of a poem such that the paraphrase contained the full power and sweeping imagination of the originating poem. The Well Wrought Urn Cleanth Brooks, 1947 The following excerpts are from the chapter "The Heresy of Paraphrase," one of the major statements of the American "New Criticism" movement. It is a beauteous evening, calm and free, Brooks points out that while the evening is described as quiet and calm, it is also breathless with apparent excitement. The Heresy of Paraphrase by Cleanth Brooks Cleanth Brooks in this essay the “Heresy of Paraphrase” tries to put forward is that any reductionist attempt to transform poetic meaning to a prose statement such as descriptive or thematic interpretative is to do injustice to a poem. The Well-Wrought Urn From The Heresy of Paraphrase The Intentional Fallacy The Affective Fallacy Affective Fallacy Twig by twig the night-entangled trees, Leaving, as the moon behind the winter leaves, It is considered a seminal text[1] in the New Critical school of literary criticism. The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry, by Cleanth Brooks, pp. I commented on the other page too, but here is a more specific paragraph. The Heresy of Paraphrase by Cleanth Brooks Cleanth Brooks in this essay the “Heresy of Paraphrase” tries to put forward is that any reductionist attempt to transform poetic meaning to a prose statement such as descriptive or thematic interpretative is to do injustice to a poem. POST BY: Brock Cooley, Z5230726. Eliot, The Wasteland Eliot, The Wasteland Menand on Eliot s role in professionalizing literary study. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. The language is crucial in determining the message; form is content. Summary. He states: The poet, within limits, has to make his language as he goes. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Well_Wrought_Urn&oldid=1001938455, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 22 January 2021, at 02:09. In his summary chapter, Brooks articulates his position that it is "heresy" to paraphrase a poem when trying to get at its meaning. From Cleanth Brooks, “The Heresy of Paraphrase,” in The Well-Wrought Urn (1947): [M]ost of our difficulties in criticism are rooted in the heresy of paraphrase. One of Brooks’s big arguments in The Well Wrought Urn is that you can’t summarize (or paraphrase) a poem and retain its meaning. As Keats writes, this urn contains not only beauty but also truth: a work of literature has some objective meaning that is integral to its artistic design. Andrew Spano It is one's failure to recognize the poem as a poem. New Criticism encountered a great deal of published "scholarship" from the late C19 and early C20 which … A related paradox is sometimes referred to as the “ heresy of paraphrase,” the words being those of the American literary critic Cleanth Brooks (The Well Wrought Urn, 1949). The eleventh, famous chapter, entitled "The Heresy of Paraphrase," is a polemic against the use of paraphrase in describing and criticizing a poem. Preface Bruce Inksetter. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. New York: Norton, 2001. The well wrought urn : studies in the structure of poetry Item Preview > ... history without footnotes -- The motivation of Tennyson's weeper -- Yeats's great rooted blossomer -- The heresy of paraphrase Access-restricted-item true Addeddate 2010-05-07 22:49:28 Bookplateleaf One of Eliot's greatest admirers, the New Critic Cleanth Brooks, coined the phrase 'the heresy of paraphrase.' Widely considered to be one of his best poems, Keats's "Ode" ends on what many think a sententious note with its proclamation that "Beauty is truth, truth beauty." As a globed fruit, Silent as the sleeve-worn stone From ig35 to ig48 Cleanth Brooks was co-editor of The South- ern Review with In addition to these and to The Well Wrought Urn… [1] Brooks argued that meaning in poetry is irreducible, because "a true poem is a simulacrum of reality...an experience rather than any mere statement about experience or any mere abstraction from experience." Vincent B. Leitch. As the moon climbs. In aesthetics: Relationship between form and content. The Heresy of Paraphrase to being exhaustive of periods or types) would not leave seriously unrepresented any important period since Shakespeare. [4]:8, Unlike the scientist, who seeks to cleanse his work of all ambiguity, the poet thrives on it because with it he can better express experience. In review, a close reading, as defined by the New Critics, focuses narrowly on the literary work as a well-wrought urn. The rest of the first chapter is devoted to the close reading of Donne's "The Canonization". A presentation detailing the main points of Cleanth Brook's chapter "The Heresy of Paraphrase" from his book The Well-Wrought Urn. It can be performed as validly for bad works as good ones. The poem says something. "The Heresy of Paraphrase" is the title of a chapter in The Well-Wrought Urn, a seminal work of the New Criticism by Cleanth Brooks. Atropos Press, 2020. Proper criticism responds with suppleness and delicacy to such patterns, rather than paraphrasing their propositional content. In other words, literature is the art of conveying truth about the world. Ransom on poets as critics . Thus to try to abstract the meaning of a poem from the language in which that meaning is rooted, the paradoxical language of metaphor, is to disregard the internal structure of the poem that gives it its meaning. Spurlin, William J. and Fischer, Michael. Poems are not simply "messages" expressed in flowery language. The language is crucial in determining the message; form is content. I try to rejuvenate Cleanth Brooks's old thesis about the 'heresy of paraphrase.' Brooks argued that meaning in poetry is irreducible, because "a true poem is a simulacrum of reality...an experience rather than any mere statement about experience or any mere abstraction from experience." Buy The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry (Harvest Book) by Brooks, Cleanth (ISBN: 9780156957052) from Amazon's Book Store. In The Language of Paradox (The Well Wrought Urn) Brooks shows that paradox was so essential to poetic meaning that paradox was almost identical to poetry. AMNIOTIC EMPIRE: Death of the Sublime in World-Historic Culture. He takes Herrick's poem, "Corinna's going a-Maying", and reveals that the speaker in the poem has a complex attitude toward his carpe diem theme. Leaving, as the moon releases All—As the science may be properly be said to do so reading, as defined by the New Critics focuses! By Cleanth Brooks and the experience of the Sublime in World-Historic Culture of metaphor meter! S. Eliot 's greatest admirers, the well-wrought urn directly and forcefully, sophistry... And compassionate a work of art ( particularly of poetry is paradox, he must treat poems have! 'S dramatic context as the source of its power the 'heresy of.. A temporal scheme Death of the material which goes into the poem 's context... 2 ]:218 which the connotations play as great a part as the source of its power as source... 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